LESSON NOTE ON MULTI-LINGUAL TEACHING OF CELL DIVISION
(English Language, with Pidgin and Yoruba flavor for better understanding)
LESSON 1
Subject
Objectives: At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
1. define cell division
2. list the two stages in cell division
3. explain the stages in mitosis
4. describe the importance of mitosis
5. explain the life examples of mitotic process in animals and plants
Previous knowledge: The students have been taught a cell.
Instructional materials: Charts and pictures,
Reference materials: edulightacademy.blogspot.com, Essential biology by M.C Michael, 2020.
Presentation
Steps: English Language | Steps: Pidgin Language | Steps: Yoruba Language |
1. A pre-lesson assignment is given to students in groups of 8-10, encouraging them to read about cell division online and ask their parents or elderly persons at home about cultural ways they can relate to cell division. | Di pre-lesson assignment dem don give di students wey dem dey for groups of 8-10, dem go dey encourage dem to read about cell division online and ask their papa, mama or elderly person for house about cultural ways dem fit relate am to cell division. | Àwọn ọmọ ile-ẹ̀kọ́ gbọ́dọ̀ ṣe iṣẹ́ àkọ́kọ́ kan ni ẹgbẹ́ mẹ́jọ sí mẹ́wàá, wọ́n fún wọn ní nígboyà láti ka nípa ìpìlẹ̀ sẹ́ẹ́lì lórí ayélujára kí wọ́n sì bí àwọn òbí tàbí àwọn alàgbà láti ile nípa àwọn ọ̀nà àṣà tí wọ́n lè sọ̀rọ̀ sẹ́ẹ́lì sí. |
2. At the start the start of the lesson after the introduction of the teacher, the students in mixed-ability and mixed-sex groups engage in individual discussions on indigenous knowledge related to division and share cultural reflections. | For di start of di lesson, after di teacher don introduce di lesson, di students wey get mixed-ability and mixed-sex groups go engage in individual discussions on indigenous knowledge wey relate to division and dem go share cultural reflections. | Ni ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ ẹ̀kọ́, lẹ́yìn ìsàlàyé tí olùkọ́ ṣe, àwọn ọmọ ilé ìwé tí ó wà nínú ẹgbẹ́ tó ni olùfà yàtọ̀ àti ọmọkùnrin àti ọmọbìnrin, máa ń ṣe ìjíròrò kúkú nínú nípa ìmọ̀ ti ilẹ̀ wọn tó ń ṣe é mímọ̀ sí pínpín sẹ́ẹ́lì kó wọn sì pín ètò àṣà wọn. |
3. The teacher use real-life examples like hair growth, fingernail growth, and wound healing to explain cell division and connect with indigenous knowledge such as yam tuber multiplication. | Di teacher dey use real-life examples like hair growth, fingernail growth, and wound healing to explain cell division and connect am to indigenous knowledge like yam tuber multiplication | Olùkọ́ máa ń lo àpẹẹrẹ aye gidi bíi ìdàgbàsókè irun, ìdàgbàsókè èékànnà àti mímúná láti ṣàlàyé pínpín sẹ́ẹ́lì tí ó sì darí ẹ̀kọ́ náà pẹ̀lú ìmọ̀ àṣà bíi ìyọ́nálẹ̀ èso ìṣú. |
4. The teacher clarify cell division concepts using visuals and address misconceptions with cultural references. | Di teacher dey clarify cell division concepts using visuals and address misconceptions with cultural references. | Olùkọ́ máa ń ṣàlàyé àwọn ìgbàgbọ̀ ti pínpín sẹ́ẹ́lì pẹ̀lú àwọn àmúyẹ̀ndà tàbí àwọn àpẹẹrẹ kíkà. Ó tún ṣe ìtọ́kasí àwọn ìgbàgbọ̀ àṣà láti ṣàyẹ̀wò àwọn àfikún ati aṣìṣe. |
5. At the close of the lesson, the teacher conducts a brief quiz (oral or written) to evaluate the lesson and provides the topic for the next lesson. | For di end of di lesson, di teacher dey conduct small quiz (oral or written) to evaluate di lesson and provide di topic for di next lesson. | Ní ìkẹ̀yìn ẹ̀kọ́ náà, olùkọ́ máa ń ṣe ìdánwò kúkú (lè je aforò tàbí kíkọ́) láti ṣàyẹ̀wò ẹ̀kọ́ náà tí ó sì fún àwọn ọmọ ilé ìwé ní ọ̀rọ̀ fún ẹ̀kọ́ tó ń bọ̀. |
6. At the close of the lesson, the teacher sends a summary of the topic via their WhatsApp group, Short Message Service (SMS) to every member of the class | For di end of di lesson, di teacher dey send summary of di topic via their WhatsApp group or Short Message Service (SMS) to every member of the class. | Ní ìkẹ̀yìn ẹ̀kọ́ náà, olùkọ́ máa ń fi àkótán àwọn ẹ̀kọ́ náà ránṣẹ́ sí ẹgbẹ́ WhatsApp wọn tàbí pẹ̀lú pẹ̀lú Ìṣẹ́rànṣẹ́ Kúkú (SMS) fún gbogbo ọmọ ilé ìwé. |
Content
Definition of Cell division and type of cell division
(Yoruba: Ìtumọ̀ Ìpin Ẹ̀ka Sẹ́lù àti Ìrú Rẹ̀)
(Pidgin: Wetin Cell Division Mean and the Types)
Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two daughter cells. Cell division usually occurs as part of a larger cell cycle in which the cell grows and replicates its chromosome(s) before dividing. In eukaryotes, there are two distinct types of cell division: They are Mitosis and Meiosis.
Mitosis
(Yoruba:Mítósì)
(Pidgin: Mitosis)
Mitosis is a type of cell division in which a single parent cell divides to produce two genetically identical daughter cells, each containing the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. It is crucial for growth, tissue repair, and asexual reproduction in multicellular organisms.
There are five stages or phases of mitosis, in three languages
STAGES: English Language | STAGES: Yoruba Language | STAGES : Pidgin Language |
1. Interphase: This is the latent or resting stage of the cell. At this stage, the cell has normal appearance of a non-dividing cell condition. | Ìyẹn ni Ìpele tí ẹ̀ka sẹ́lù ń sinmi. Ní ìpele yìí, ẹ̀ka náà dà bí ti àtìjẹ́ tí kò tíì pin. | Dis na wen di cell dey rest and e look say e no dey divide |
2. Prophase: Chromosomes condense, and the nuclear membrane begins to break down. | Àwọn Chromosome yọyọ gbígbọnná, àti ìbojú Ẹ̀gbẹ́ Aarin bẹrẹ sí bọ́ ṣílẹ̀. | Di chromosomes dey tight and di membrane wey dey nuclear go dey scatter |
3. Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the cell's equatorial plane. | Àwọn kromosome ṣe iṣeto lori ìpele èkwetoria sẹẹli. | Chromosome dem dey line up for di cell equator |
4. Anaphase: Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell. | Àwọn kromatidi arẹgbẹ́ yíya kúrò sí òpin sẹẹli tí ó yàtọ̀ | Sister chromatid dem dey pull apart go opposite side of di cell |
5. Telophase: Nuclear membranes reform around the separated chromosomes, followed by cytokinesis, where the cell divides into two. | Ìbojú Ẹ̀gbẹ́ Aarin tún ṣe ní àárín àwọn Chromosome tí wọ́n yà, títí àwọn sẹ́lù yóò pin sí méjì | Nuclear membrane go come back, and di cell go divide into two |
portance of mitosis (Why mitosis dey important)
1. Mitosis promotes growth (Mitosis dey help for growth.)
2. It involves or serves as basis of sexual reproduction, e.g fission, budding and spore formation
3. It ensures retention diploid conditions
4. It aids the repair of tissues within the organisms (Ó ràn lọ́́wọ́ láti tún àwọn èègbẹ́ ara tí wọ́n bàjẹ́ ṣe ní inú ẹ̀dá alààyè.)
5. It transfers the exact genetic code from parents to offspring.
Life processes involved in mitosis
Life examples of mitotic process in animals include:
1. Formation of new cells in the Malpighian layer of the skin
2. Production of red blood cells and white blood cells in the bone marrow
3. Cell division in the liver (Isẹpin sẹẹli ninu ẹdọ)
4. Growth in spermatogenesis
5. Repair or healing of wound (Wound dey heal)
Life examples of mitotic process in plants include
1. Mitosis occurs in root tip or apex.
2. It also occurs in stem tip or apex.
3. It also occurs in cambium
4. It is found in meristems.
Summary:
Cell division is the process where a parent cell divides into two daughter cells. It's a crucial part of the cell cycle, involving growth and chromosome replication.
Mitosis is one type of cell division. In mitosis, a parent cell produces two genetically identical daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes. This is essential for growth, tissue repair, and asexual reproduction in multicellular organisms.
Mitosis occurs in distinct stages: Interphase (resting phase), Prophase (chromosome condensation), Metaphase (chromosome alignment), Anaphase (chromatid separation), and Telophase (nuclear membrane reformation and cytokinesis).
Importance of Mitosis:
· Enables growth and development.
· Underlies asexual reproduction (e.g., fission, budding).
· Maintains diploid chromosome number.
· Facilitates tissue repair.
· Ensures accurate genetic transmission.
· Liver cell regeneration.
· Growth in spermatogenesis.
· Wound healing.
· Growth in plant root and stem tips, cambium, and meristems.
Evaluation
1. Which of the following best describes the process of cell division?
a) The death of a cell
b) The merging of two cells to form one
c) The process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells
d) The movement of a cell from one location to another
2. Mitosis is a type of cell division that results in:
a) Two genetically identical daughter cells
b) Four genetically different daughter cells
c) Two genetically different daughter cells
d) Four genetically identical daughter cells
3. During which phase of mitosis do chromosomes line up at the center of the cell? a) Prophase
b) Metaphase
c) Anaphase
d) Telophase
4. Which of the following is NOT a function of mitosis?
a) Growth
b) Tissue repair
c) Production of gametes (sex cells)
d) Asexual reproduction
5. Uncontrolled cell division can lead to the development of:
a) Cancer
b) Aging
c) Allergies
d) Muscle growth
Assignment:
1. State three importance of mitosis
2. List three examples of mitosis
3. Read on meiosis online and ensure you will present the next class
Lesson 2
Objectives: At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
1. define meiosis
2. list two stages of meiosis
3. explain the stages in first meiotic division
4. explain the stages in second meiotic division
5. describe the importance of meiotic in plants and animals.
Previous knowledge: The students have been taught cell division and mitosis
Instructional materials: Charts and pictures,
Reference materials: edulightacademy.blogspot.com, Essential biology by M.C Michael, 2020.
Presentation
Steps: English Language | Steps: Pidgin Language | Steps: Yoruba Language |
1. Students are assigned a pre-lesson task in groups of 8-10 to explore cell division online and discuss with their parents or elderly persons at home about cultural connections to cell division. | Students dem get pre-lesson assignment to do for group of 8-10. Dem go find out about cell division online and talk with dia parents or elderly people for house about how culture fit relate to cell division. | Àwọn akẹ́kọ̀ọ́ ni a fún ní iṣẹ́-ílẹ̀kùn kí wọ́n ṣe nínú ẹgbẹ́ mẹ́jọ sí mẹ́wàá láti ṣàwárí ìpínṣẹ́ ẹ̀yà-ara ní ẹ̀rọ ayélujára àti láti bá àwọn òbí wọn tàbí àwọn àgbà nílé sọrọ nípa bí wọ́n ṣe lè fi àṣà wọn sọ̀rọ̀ nípa ìpínṣẹ́ ẹ̀yà-ara. |
2. After the teacher's introduction, students in mixed-ability and mixed-sex groups engage in discussions about indigenous knowledge on division and share cultural reflections.. | After di teacher introduction, students for mixed-ability and mixed-sex groups go dey discuss indigenous knowledge on division and share cultural reflections. | Lẹ́yìn ìkẹ̀kọ̀ọ́ ìkílọ̀ fún àwọn akẹ́kọ̀ọ́, àwọn akẹ́kọ̀ọ́ nínú ẹgbẹ́ tí ó dàpọ̀ ní ẹ̀kọ́ àti obìnrin àti akọ̀ wà láti sọrọ nípa ìmọ̀ àṣà lórí ìpínṣẹ́ ẹ̀yà-ara àti pín ìrántí àṣà. |
3. The teacher explains meiosis by using real-life examples such as human reproduction, genetic diversity, and twin formation | Di teacher dey explain meiosis using real-life examples like human reproduction, genetic diversity, and how twins take form.", | Olùkọ́ n ṣàlàyé meiosis nípa lílo àpẹẹrẹ ìgbésí ayé gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìbímọ̀ ènìyàn, onírúurú ẹ̀yà-ara, àti bí àwọ̀n ìbejì ṣe ń ṣe." |
4. The teacher clarify cell meiosis concepts using visuals and address misconceptions with cultural references. | Di teacher dey use visuals to clarify cell meiosis concepts and address misconceptions with cultural references. | Olùkọ́ ń lo àwọn àwòrán láti ṣàlàyé àwọn ẹ̀kọ́ meiosis ẹ̀yà-ara kedere àti láti tẹ̀tí sí àwọn ìrònú tí kò tọ́ nípa àṣà. |
5. At the close of the lesson, the teacher conducts a brief quiz (oral or written) to evaluate the lesson and provides the topic for the next lesson. | "At the end of di lesson, di teacher go do small quiz (oral or written) to evaluate di lesson and give di topic for next lesson. | Nígbà tí ẹ̀kọ́ bá pari, olùkọ́ máa ṣe àyẹ̀wò kéékèèké (ní ẹnu tàbí kọ̀wé) láti ṣàyẹ̀wò ẹ̀kọ́ àti pèsè ẹ̀kọ́ tí ó tẹ̀lé." |
6. At the close of the lesson, the teacher sends a summary of the topic via their WhatsApp group, Short Message Service (SMS) to every member of the class | For di end of di lesson, di teacher go send summary of di topic through dia WhatsApp group and SMS to every member of di class | Ní ipari ẹ̀kọ́ náà, olùkọ́ náà máa rán àkótán àkòrí náà sí ẹgbẹ́ WhatsApp wọn àti SMS sí gbogbo ọmọ ẹ̀kọ́ |
MEIOSIS
Definition of meiosis (Wetin meiosis mean)
Meiosis is a process where a single cell divides twice to produce four cells containing half the original amount of genetic information. During meiosis one cell divides twice to form four daughter cells. These four daughter cells only have half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell – they are haploid. Meiosis takes place in reproductive cells. i.e ovules and pollen grain in plants, ovaries and testes in animals. In animals, meiosis occurs, in the formation of gametes (sex cells such as eggs and spermatozoa).
The process of gamete formation is called gametogenesis. The process involve in the production of spermatozoa by the testes is called spermatogenesis while that of eggs or ova production by the ovaries is called oogenesis.
Stages of Meiosis
Meiosis consists of two successive division:
1. First meiotic division: When the parent cell splits into two:
2. 2nd Meiotic division: When the products then divide again giving a total of four daughter cells.
First Meiotic Division or Reduction Division
The first meiotic division is divided into five stages of
1. Interphase: this is the resting stage of the cell. At the stage, the chromosome is not seen.
· Pidgin: Na the time wey cell dey rest be this, di chromosome never shows
· Yoruba: Èyí ni akoko isinmi sẹẹli, kromosome kò hàn.
2. Prophase 1: prophase 1 is divided into into three (opin si ona meta)
a. Early prophase 1: at this stage, the chromosome contract, becoming more clearly visible and the nucleus shrinks
b. Mid-Prophase 1: the homologous chromosomes come together (synapsis) forming a bivalent
c. Late prophase 1: during the stage, each chromosome is seen to consist of a pair of chromatids. At prophase 1, crossing where crossing over takes place. The points on the chromosomes where crossing over takes place is known as chiasmata. (Singular is chiasma)
3. Metaphase 1: during metaphor 1, the nuclear membrane disappears and the spindle is formed. The bivalents (chromosomes) assemble at the equatorial region of the spindle
· During Metaphase 1, di nuclear membrane disappear and spindle form. Di bivalent (chromosomes) gather for di middle part of di spindle."
· Yoruba:"Nigba Metaphase 1, majemu okun inu sẹẹli tú, ati pe spindle ṣe agbekalẹ. Awọn bivalent (kromosome) kojọpọ ni agbegbe equatorial ti spindle."
4. Anaphase 1: at this anaphase, the bivalents separate completely and each member chromosome moves to the opposite pole of the spindle.
· Awọn bivalent yà kọọkan wọn, ati pe kromosome kọọkan lọ si òpin sẹẹli ti o yatọ.
5. Telophase 1: This stage produces two daughter cells with chromosome number, halved as in the plant cells.
· Pidgin: For dis stage, two pikin cells dey form, and dem get half di number of chromosomes, just like plant cells.
Second meiotic division
The second meiotic division is made up of four stages. The division is similar to mitosis. At the end of the second division, four groups of daughter cells are formed
1. Prophase II: The two daughter cells prepare for the second meiotic division. Here, the centrioles have replicated and spindle is formed
2. Metaphase II: The chromosome arranges themselves on the spindle in the usual way. The chromosomes appear double and the centromere starts to dividing the position of equatorial plane
3. Anaphase II: each chromosome finally slits into two. The actual chromosomal division take place at anaphase II and each one moves to opposite poles of the cells.
4. Telophase II: the two cells are divided into four which are tetrad. Four haploid cells are produced from original diploid mother cell.
Importance or Roles of Meiosis (Pataki meiosis)
The importance of meiotic process are:
1. It aids the formation of sperms or male gametes in animals
2. It aids the formation of ova (eggs) or female gametes in animals
3. It aids the formation of pollen grain in anthers of flowering plants
4. It also aids the formation of ovules in ovary of flowering plants
Life Examples or arears where meiosis in Plants
1. Meiosis is found in ovaries (Meiosis dey happen for ovary.)
2. It is also found in anther
Life Examples or arears where meiosis in Animals
1. Meiosis is found in ovaries
2. It is also found in testes
Difference between mitosis and meiosis
| Mitosis | Meiosis |
1 | Nucleus divides only once | Nucleus divides twice |
2 | Number of chromosomes remains the same offer division. Diploid | Number of chromosomes is halved after division. Haploid |
3 | Homologous chromosomes do not associate | Homologous chromosomes associate to form bivalents |
4 | Chiasmata is never formed | Chiasmata is formed |
5 | Crossing over never occurs/ no genetic material | Crossing over occurs/ exchange of genetic materials |
6 | Two daughter cells are formed | Four daughter cells are formed |
7 | Occurs in body cell | Occurs in somatic cells |
8 | Occurs in asexual reproduction | Occurs in sexual reproduction |
Summary in pidgin
Meiosis na special kind cell divide wey dey produce four pikin cells wey all different from each other. Dem get half di number of chromosome wey di parent cell get. E dey happen for reproductive cells (gametes) like sperm and egg
Summary in English
Meiosis is a specialized type of cell division that produces four genetically unique daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. It occurs in reproductive cells (gametes) like sperm and eggs.
Key Features:
· Two Divisions: Meiosis involves two successive divisions, reducing the chromosome number.
· Homologous Chromosomes: Homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material (crossing over) during the first division.
· Genetic Variation: Crossing over and independent assortment of chromosomes during meiosis create genetic diversity among offspring.
Stages:
· Meiosis I:
· Prophase I: Homologous chromosomes pair and exchange genetic material.
· Metaphase I: Homologous pairs align at the equator.
· Anaphase I: Homologous chromosomes separate.
· Telophase I: Two daughter cells are formed, each with half the number of chromosomes.
· Meiosis II: Similar to mitosis, but with half the number of chromosomes. Results in four haploid daughter cells.
Importance:
· Essential for sexual reproduction.
· Creates genetic diversity within a population.
Key Differences from Mitosis:
· Two divisions instead of one.
· Chromosome number is halved.
· Crossing over occurs.
Produces genetically unique daughter cells
EVALUATION
1. Meiosis is a type of cell division that results in:
a) Two genetically identical daughter cells
b) Four genetically identical daughter cells
c) Two genetically different daughter cells
d) Four genetically different daughter cells
2. During which stage of meiosis does crossing over occur?
a) Prophase I
b) Metaphase I
c) Anaphase I
(d) Telophase I
3. How many divisions occur during meiosis?
a) One
b) Two
c) Three
d) Four
4. What is the significance of meiosis in sexual reproduction?
a) It maintains the chromosome number in offspring.
b) It creates genetic diversity among offspring.
c) It ensures asexual reproduction.
d) It prevents the formation of gametes.
5. Where does meiosis occur in animals?
a) In all body cells
b) Only in muscle cells
c) In reproductive organs (ovaries and testes)
d) Only in skin cells
Assignment:
1. State three importance of meiosis
2. List three examples of meiosis
3. Differentiate between meiosis and mitosis
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