CELL DIVISION MADE EASY WITH MULTILINGUAL WITH CTCA
.jpg)
DIFFICULT WORDS IN CELL DIVISION AND THEIR MEANING
|
1. Mitosis |
Cell division that produces two identical daughter cells |
|
2.
Meiosis |
Cell division that forms sex
cells with half the chromosomes |
|
3.
Chromosome |
Thread-like structure carrying
genetic information (DNA) |
|
4.
Centromere |
The point where two chromatids
are joined together |
|
5.
Chromatid |
One half of a duplicated
chromosome |
|
6.
Spindle fibres |
Threads that help pull
chromosomes apart during division |
|
7.
Cytokinesis |
Division of the cytoplasm
after the nucleus divides |
|
8.
Prophase |
First stage of mitosis,
chromosomes become visible |
|
9.
Metaphase |
Stage where chromosomes line
up in the middle of the cell |
|
10.
Anaphase |
Stage where chromatids are
pulled to opposite ends |
Objectives: At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
1. define cell division
2. list the two stages in cell division
3. explain the stages in mitosis
4. describe the importance of mitosis
5. explain the life examples of mitotic process in animals and plants
Definition of Cell division and type of cell division
(Yoruba: Ìtumọ̀ Ìpin Ẹ̀ka Sẹ́lù àti Ìrú Rẹ̀)
(Pidgin: Wetin Cell Division Mean and the Types)
Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two daughter cells. Cell division usually occurs as part of a larger cell cycle in which the cell grows and replicates its chromosome(s) before dividing. In eukaryotes, there are two distinct types of cell division: They are Mitosis and Meiosis.
Mitosis
(Yoruba:Mítósì)
(Pidgin: Mitosis)
Mitosis is a type of cell division in which a single parent cell divides to produce two genetically identical daughter cells, each containing the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. It is crucial for growth, tissue repair, and asexual reproduction in multicellular organisms.
There are five stages or phases of mitosis, in three languages
STAGES: English Language | STAGES: Yoruba Language | STAGES : Pidgin Language |
1. Interphase: This is the latent or resting stage of the cell. At this stage, the cell has normal appearance of a non-dividing cell condition. | Ìyẹn ni Ìpele tí ẹ̀ka sẹ́lù ń sinmi. Ní ìpele yìí, ẹ̀ka náà dà bí ti àtìjẹ́ tí kò tíì pin. | Dis na wen di cell dey rest and e look say e no dey divide |
2. Prophase: Chromosomes condense, and the nuclear membrane begins to break down. | Àwọn Okun ara-ẹda yọyọ gbígbọnná, àti ìbojú Ẹ̀gbẹ́ Aarin bẹrẹ sí bọ́ ṣílẹ̀. | Di chromosomes dey tight and di membrane wey dey nuclear go dey scatter |
3. Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the cell's equatorial plane. | Àwọn Okun ara-ẹda ṣe iṣeto lori ìpele èkwetoria sẹẹli. | Chromosome dem dey line up for di cell equator |
4. Anaphase: Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell. | Àwọn Okun ara-ẹda OR Kromatidi arẹgbẹ́ yíya kúrò sí òpin sẹẹli tí ó yàtọ̀ | Sister chromatid dem dey pull apart go opposite side of di cell |
5. Telophase: Nuclear membranes reform around the separated chromosomes, followed by cytokinesis, where the cell divides into two. | Ìbojú Ẹ̀gbẹ́ Aarin tún ṣe ní àárín àwọn Chromosome tí wọ́n yà, títí àwọn sẹ́lù yóò pin sí méjì | Nuclear membrane go come back, and di cell go divide into two |
Importance of mitosis (Why mitosis dey important)
1. Mitosis promotes growth (Mitosis dey help for growth.)
2. It involves or serves as basis of sexual reproduction, e.g fission, budding and spore formation
3. It ensures retention diploid conditions
4. It aids the repair of tissues within the organisms (Ó ràn lọ́́wọ́ láti tún àwọn èègbẹ́ ara tí wọ́n bàjẹ́ ṣe ní inú ẹ̀dá alààyè.)
5. It transfers the exact genetic code from parents to offspring.
Life processes involved in mitosis
Life examples of mitotic process in animals include:
1. Formation of new cells in the Malpighian layer of the skin
2. Production of red blood cells and white blood cells in the bone marrow
3. Cell division in the liver (Isẹpin sẹẹli ninu ẹdọ)
4. Growth in spermatogenesis
5. Repair or healing of wound (Wound dey heal)
Life examples of mitotic process in plants include
1. Mitosis occurs in root tip or apex.
2. It also occurs in stem tip or apex.
3. It also occurs in cambium
4. It is found in meristems.
Summary:
Cell division is the process where a parent cell divides into two daughter cells. It's a crucial part of the cell cycle, involving growth and chromosome replication.
Mitosis is one type of cell division. In mitosis, a parent cell produces two genetically identical daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes. This is essential for growth, tissue repair, and asexual reproduction in multicellular organisms.
Mitosis occurs in distinct stages: Interphase (resting phase), Prophase (chromosome condensation), Metaphase (chromosome alignment), Anaphase (chromatid separation), and Telophase (nuclear membrane reformation and cytokinesis)
Importance of Mitosis:
· Enables growth and development.
· Underlies asexual reproduction (e.g., fission, budding).
· Maintains diploid chromosome number.
· Facilitates tissue repair.
· Ensures accurate genetic transmission.
· Liver cell regeneration.
· Growth in spermatogenesis.
· Wound healing.
· Growth in plant root and stem tips, cambium, and meristems.
MEIOSIS
Definition of meiosis (Wetin meiosis mean)
Meiosis is a process where a single cell divides twice to produce four cells containing half the original amount of genetic information. During meiosis one cell divides twice to form four daughter cells.
These four daughter cells only have half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell – they are haploid. Meiosis takes place in reproductive cells. i.e ovules and pollen grain in plants, ovaries and testes in animals. In animals, meiosis occurs, in the formation of gametes (sex cells such as eggs and spermatozoa).
The process of gamete formation is called gametogenesis. The process involve in the production of spermatozoa by the testes is called spermatogenesis while that of eggs or ova production by the ovaries is called oogenesis.
Stages of Meiosis
Meiosis consists of two successive division:
1. First meiotic division: When the parent cell splits into two:
2. 2nd Meiotic division: When the products then divide again giving a total of four daughter cells.
First Meiotic Division or Reduction Division
The first meiotic division is divided into five stages of
1. Interphase: this is the resting stage of the cell. At the stage, the chromosome is not seen.
· Pidgin: Na the time wey cell dey rest be this, di chromosome never shows
· Yoruba: Èyí ni akoko isinmi sẹẹli, kromosome kò hàn.
2. Prophase 1: prophase 1 is divided into into three (opin si ona meta)
a. Early prophase 1: at this stage, the chromosome contract, becoming more clearly visible and the nucleus shrinks
b. Mid-Prophase 1: the homologous chromosomes come together (synapsis) forming a bivalent
c. Late prophase 1: during the stage, each chromosome is seen to consist of a pair of chromatids. At prophase 1, crossing where crossing over takes place. The points on the chromosomes where crossing over takes place is known as chiasmata. (Singular is chiasma)
3. Metaphase 1: during metaphase 1, the nuclear membrane disappears and the spindle is formed. The bivalents (chromosomes) assemble at the equatorial region of the spindle
· During Metaphase 1, di nuclear membrane disappear and spindle form. Di bivalent (chromosomes) gather for di middle part of di spindle."
· Yoruba:"Nigba Metaphase 1, majemu okun inu sẹẹli tú, ati pe spindle ṣe agbekalẹ. Awọn bivalent (kromosome) kojọpọ ni agbegbe equatorial ti spindle."
4. Anaphase 1: at this anaphase, the bivalents separate completely and each member chromosome moves to the opposite pole of the spindle.
· Awọn bivalent yà kọọkan wọn, ati pe kromosome kọọkan lọ si òpin sẹẹli ti o yatọ.
5. Telophase 1: This stage produces two daughter cells with chromosome number, halved as in the plant cells.
· Pidgin: For dis stage, two pikin cells dey form, and dem get half di number of chromosomes, just like plant cells.
Second meiotic division
The second meiotic division is made up of four stages. The division is similar to mitosis. At the end of the second division, four groups of daughter cells are formed
1. Prophase II: The two daughter cells prepare for the second meiotic division. Here, the centrioles have replicated and spindle is formed
2. Metaphase II: The chromosome arranges themselves on the spindle in the usual way. The chromosomes appear double and the centromere starts to dividing the position of equatorial plane
3. Anaphase II: each chromosome finally slits into two. The actual chromosomal division take place at anaphase II and each one moves to opposite poles of the cells.
4. Telophase II: the two cells are divided into four which are tetrad. Four haploid cells are produced from original diploid mother cell.
Importance or Roles of Meiosis (Pataki meiosis)
The importance of meiotic process are:
1. It aids the formation of sperms or male gametes in animals
2. It aids the formation of ova (eggs) or female gametes in animals
3. It aids the formation of pollen grain in anthers of flowering plants
4. It also aids the formation of ovules in ovary of flowering plants
Life Examples or arears where meiosis in Plants
1. Meiosis is found in ovaries (Meiosis dey happen for ovary.)
2. It is also found in anther
Life Examples or arears where meiosis in Animals
1. Meiosis is found in ovaries
2. It is also found in testes
Difference between mitosis and meiosis
| Mitosis | Meiosis |
1 | Nucleus divides only once | Nucleus divides twice |
2 | Number of chromosomes remains the same offer division. Diploid | Number of chromosomes is halved after division. Haploid |
3 | Homologous chromosomes do not associate | Homologous chromosomes associate to form bivalents |
4 | Chiasmata is never formed | Chiasmata is formed |
5 | Crossing over never occurs/ no genetic material | Crossing over occurs/ exchange of genetic materials |
6 | Two daughter cells are formed | Four daughter cells are formed |
7 | Occurs in body cell | Occurs in somatic cells |
8 | Occurs in asexual reproduction | Occurs in sexual reproduction |
Summary in pidgin
Meiosis na special kind cell divide wey dey produce four pikin cells wey all different from each other. Dem get half di number of chromosome wey di parent cell get. E dey happen for reproductive cells (gametes) like sperm and egg
Summary in English
Meiosis is a specialized type of cell division that produces four genetically unique daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. It occurs in reproductive cells (gametes) like sperm and eggs.
Key Features:
· Two Divisions: Meiosis involves two successive divisions, reducing the chromosome number.
· Homologous Chromosomes: Homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material (crossing over) during the first division.
· Genetic Variation: Crossing over and independent assortment of chromosomes during meiosis create genetic diversity among offspring.
Stages:
· Meiosis I:
· Prophase I: Homologous chromosomes pair and exchange genetic material.
· Metaphase I: Homologous pairs align at the equator.
· Anaphase I: Homologous chromosomes separate.
· Telophase I: Two daughter cells are formed, each with half the number of chromosomes.
· Meiosis II: Similar to mitosis, but with half the number of chromosomes. Results in four haploid daughter cells.
Importance:
· Essential for sexual reproduction.
· Creates genetic diversity within a population.
Key Differences from Mitosis:
· Two divisions instead of one.
· Chromosome number is halved.
· Crossing over occurs.
Produces genetically unique daughter cells
EVALUATION
1. Meiosis is a type of cell division that results in:
a) Two genetically identical daughter cells
b) Four genetically identical daughter cells
c) Two genetically different daughter cells
d) Four genetically different daughter cells
2. During which stage of meiosis does crossing over occur?
a) Prophase I
b) Metaphase I
c) Anaphase I
(d) Telophase I
3. How many divisions occur during meiosis?
a) One
b) Two
c) Three
d) Four
4. What is the significance of meiosis in sexual reproduction?
a) It maintains the chromosome number in offspring.
b) It creates genetic diversity among offspring.
c) It ensures asexual reproduction.
d) It prevents the formation of gametes.
5. Where does meiosis occur in animals?
a) In all body cells
b) Only in muscle cells
c) In reproductive organs (ovaries and testes)
d) Only in skin cells
Assignment:
1. State three importance of meiosis
2. List three examples of meiosis
3. Differentiate between meiosis and mitosis
L
.jpeg)
Comments